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The Basics of Passive Optical Networking

A passive optical network (PON) configuration reduces the amount of fiber and networking infrastructure necessary as compared to traditional point to point architectures.

Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) is used to combine and break-out multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (aka colors) of laser light to carry the different signals. This technology permits for a multiplication in capacity, in addition to enabling bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber.

Downstream signal coming from the service head-end to the endpoints is broadcast to each end-point sharing a single fiber shared via an optical splitter. Encryption of the communication traffic is typically used in order to prevent eavesdropping.  Upstream signals are combined using a multiple access protocol. Generally, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is employed to administer the time slot assignments for upstream communication.

A device called an Optical Network Terminal (ONT), also called an Optical Network Unit (ONU), converts the optical signal into an electrical signal. Optical network terminals require electrical power for their operation, so some providers connect them to back-up batteries in case of power outages. Optical network units use thin film filter technology to convert between optical and electrical signals.

For fiber to the home and for some forms of fiber to the building, it is common for the building's existing phone systems, local area networks, and cable TV systems to connect directly to the ONT. The domestic and international standards used to govern this technology are as follows:

IEEE 802.3ah - EPON or GEPON (Ethernet PON) is an IEEE/EFM standard for using Ethernet for packet data. 802.3ah is now part of the IEEE 802.3 standard. There are currently over 25 million installed EPON subscribers.

ITU-T G.984 - GPON (Gigabit PON) is an evolution of the BPON standard. It supports higher rates, enhanced security, and choice of Layer 2 protocol (ATM, GEM, Ethernet).

IEEE 802.3av - 10G-EPON (10 Gigabit Ethernet PON) is an IEEE Task Force for 10Gbit/s, backward compatible with 802.3ah EPON. 10GEPON will use separate wavelengths for 10G and 1G downstream. 802.3av will continue to use a single wavelength for both 10G and 1G upstream with TDMA separation.

About the Author

Dr. James Reynante is a specialist in systems architecture & design. His expertise includes the application and integration of various technologies including advanced fiber optical networking, alternative energy development, computer modeling, and RF communications. He holds a PhD in Computer Science and is currently serving as an Assistant Vice President and Chief Engineer for Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), a Fortune 500 scientific R&D company. Additionally, Dr. Reynante is also the Director of Engineering for Spada Innovations, a cutting-edge "green technology" company.

Lecture - 26 Optical Network and MPLS

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